A typical Raman spectrum of a polycrystalline substance (coumarin) showing the Rayleigh line, and both the Stokes and anti-Stokes sides of the Raman spectrum on wavelength, absolute wavenumber, and relative wavenumber (or Raman shift) scales.
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Terms such as spontaneous Raman spectroscopy or normal Raman spectroscopy summarize Raman spectroscopy techniques based on Raman scattering by using normal far-field optics as described above.
This inelastic scattering is the Raman effect, first described by physicist C.V. Raman in 1928. The energy exchange happens because the photon either gives energy to the molecule (leaving it in a higher vibrational state) or takes energy from it (if the molecule was already vibrating).
Raman spectroscopic analysis is based on the Raman scattering effect discovered by Indian scientist C.V. Raman (Raman) and analyzes the scattering spectrum with different frequencies from the incident light to obtain information on molecular vibration and rotation.
In the following sections, the fundamental physics that underpins the spontaneous Raman effect, stimulated- and coherent Raman spectroscopy, SERS and TERS are detailed in the context of their applications. Experimental considerations are discussed, and examples of Raman spectroscopy instrumentation setups are presented.
Learn about Raman spectroscopy—What is Raman spectroscopy? How does Raman spectroscopy work? Learn the fundamentals of Raman, including the Raman effect and Raman scattering, the advantages and disadvantages of Raman, and more.